Is carbonic anhydrase IX a validated target for molecular imaging of cancer and hypoxia?

In selected cancer cell lines, such as HT29 and HeLa cells, preclinical studies have documented that CAIX is a great target for cancer imaging and imaging tumor hypoxia.

What is carbonic anhydrase?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that assists rapid inter-conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons and bicarbonate ions. This enzyme was first identified in 1933, in red blood cells of cows. Since then, it has been found to be abundant in all mammalian tissues, plants, algae and bacteria.

What is carbonic anhydrase deficiency?

Carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency is an inherited disorder characterized by episodes during which the balance of certain substances in the body is disrupted (known as metabolic crisis) and brain function is abnormal (known as acute encephalopathy).

What happens when you inhibit carbonic anhydrase?

By inhibition of the enzyme, CAI medications result in the inhibition of the resorption of bicarbonate by the tubular cells, leading to retention of bicarbonate in the tubular lumen.

What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do?

Abstract. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze a reaction fundamental for life: the bidirectional conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and protons (H+). These enzymes impact numerous physiological processes that occur within and across the many compartments in the body.

What is the action of carbonic anhydrase?

The main role of carbonic anhydrase in humans is to catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and back again. However, it can also help with CO2 transport in the blood which in turn helps respiration. It can even function in the formation of hydrochloric acid by the stomach.

What is the importance of carbonic anhydrase in the flow of respiratory gases?

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze a reaction fundamental for life: the bidirectional conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into bicarbonate (HCO3−) and protons (H+). These enzymes impact numerous physiological processes that occur within and across the many compartments in the body.

What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are primarily used to reduce intraocular pressure in the management of glaucoma by inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase located in the ciliary epithelium (Lewis, 1991, review).

What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors lead to acidification of the subretinal space, which, in turn, leads to an increase in chloride ion transport into the choroid, thus eliminating water from the subretinal space and retina and increasing the adhesiveness of the RPE.

Why do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause hypokalemia?

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Hypokalemia is caused by increased sodium delivery to the distal nephron and its reabsorption there in exchange for potassium.

Why is carbonic anhydrase important?

carbonic anhydrase, enzyme found in red blood cells, gastric mucosa, pancreatic cells, and renal tubules that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic anhydrase plays an important role in respiration by influencing CO2 transport in the blood.

Do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause hyperkalemia?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Adverse effects to systemic therapy include diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbances, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis.