What does urothelium mean?

The urothelium is a highly specialized type of tissue that lines the inside of your urinary tract. It serves as a barrier, preventing urine (pee) from leaking out into your body. It also stretches and contracts as your bladder fills and empties. More than 90% of bladder cancers start in the urothelium.

How effective is immunotherapy for bladder cancer?

Ultimately, what the study showed is that about 40 percent of patients can have their cancer eradicated with PD-1 immunotherapy, and about half of those responses last more a year.

Can immunotherapy cure metastatic bladder cancer?

Immunotherapy could be helpful. More than 50% of advanced or metastatic bladder cancer patients can’t take standard chemotherapy, or chemo doesn’t work for their cancer. Immunotherapy or a clinical trial in immunotherapy may be the best choice.

Why BCG is used in bladder cancer?

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or BCG is the most common intravesical immunotherapy for treating early-stage bladder cancer. It’s used to help keep the cancer from growing and to help keep it from coming back. BCG is a germ that’s related to the one that causes tuberculosis (TB), but it doesn’t usually cause serious disease.

Where is the urothelium?

The urothelium is exclusively in urinary structures such as the ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra. The urothelium is composed of three layers[3][4]: Apical layer – The innermost layer serves as a barrier between the bladder lumen and the underlying tissue.

Why transitional epithelium is called urothelium?

The transitional epithelium is also called urothelium because it lines urinary ducts, such as renal calyxes (2 cell layers), urethers (3 to 5 cell layers), urethra (4 to 5 cell layers) and urinary bladder (up to 6 cell layers).

What type of tissue is urothelium?

The urothelium is a transitional epithelium, classified as such because its properties lie between stratified squamous and simple non-stratified epithelia.

What kind of epithelium is urothelium?

transitional epithelium
The urothelium is a transitional epithelium, classified as such because its properties lie between stratified squamous and simple non-stratified epithelia.

Where is urothelium found?

Can bladder cancer come back after BCG treatment?

“Initially, it’s effective,” says medical oncologist Noah Hahn, M.D. However, adds urologist Max Kates, M.D., “while up to 35 percent of patients have long-term, sustained remissions with intravesical BCG, as many as 60 percent of patients will have a recurrence of cancer within two years.